Human Capital is the driving force behind the prosperity of the 21st century. Despite historical opposition to state control over higher education, recent reforms by the University Grants Commission (UGC) catalyze a much-needed transformation in the sector, aligning with the objectives outlined in the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP).
Gopal Krishna Gokhale’s concerns about state domination of universities in 1903 were echoed throughout history, yet they remained unaddressed in subsequent policy reports. However, the UGC, typically not associated with rapid change, has initiated five significant reforms propelling the reboot of higher education in India.
Shifting the perspective on higher education from a technical problem to a wicked one, the UGC recognizes that traditional approaches are insufficient to reconcile the conflicting goals of cost, quality, and quantity. It emphasizes the need to increase gross enrollment ratios, ensure fair compensation for faculty, maintain reasonable fees, foster research excellence, and cater to both societal and employability needs. This echoes the question posed by former US education secretary John Gardner: Can excellence and equality coexist?
The NEP envisages the holistic development of students by establishing multidisciplinary Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in every district, promoting flexible and blended learning pathways, and acknowledging the need for regulatory reforms to encourage innovation and research. The UGC’s recent reforms align with these objectives and operationalize the NEP effectively.
- Multi-disciplinary Institutions: The UGC’s guidelines advocate for the transformation of single-stream institutions into large, autonomous multidisciplinary HEIs by 2035, facilitating collaboration and the consolidation of resources. Additionally, the implementation of the Academic Bank of Credit streamlines credential storage and stacking for learners.
- Online Education: Proposed amendments to existing regulations empower universities to offer online programs, collaborate with industry partners, and ensure degree equivalence regardless of delivery mode. These changes foster innovation and accessibility in education, aligning with evolving workforce demands.
- Professors of Practice: The UGC’s guidelines allow experienced industry professionals to serve as Professors of Practice, bridging the gap between academia and industry needs. This diversification of faculty enriches teaching and promotes the development of 21st-century skills among students.
- Degree Apprenticeship: Embedding internships and apprenticeships into degree programs enhances students’ practical skills, fosters industry alignment, and improves job readiness. The innovative assessment methods acknowledge both academic and experiential learning.
- Examination Reforms: Proposed evaluation reforms emphasize continuous formative assessments based on learning outcomes, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Open-book exams prioritize understanding over rote memorization, while technology enables flexible examination scheduling and data-driven analysis.
Acknowledging the oversaturation of graduates in the job market, the UGC advocates for differentiation between research-intensive and teaching-focused universities. Moreover, it proposes a separate framework for skill universities, aligning with the NEP’s goal of bridging the gap between education and employability.
In conclusion, these reforms represent a significant step towards realizing India’s potential in higher education and fostering excellence while promoting inclusivity. By embracing change and prioritizing the integration of academic and practical learning, India can position itself as a global leader in education and innovation, fulfilling the vision of its founding leaders.
